Kimiyya da fasaha

Bayani a kan Fasahohin Sadarwa: 1G zuwa 6G

A tarihin duniyar fasahar sadarwa, ranar 10 March, 1876, ta kasance rana wacce duniya ba za ta taba mantawa da ita ba; saboda namijin kokarin da babban masani Alexander Graham Bell yayi na mayar da magana zuwa ziri ta yadda za a iya sauraron muryar mutum a cikin na’ura.

Tun daga wannan lokaci duniyar fasaha ta kasance abar kwatance, don ganin irin ci-gaban da take so ta kawo a duniya. Hakika da ace wancen ranar masani Graham Bell bai samu nasara a yunkurinsa ba, zai yi wuya a yau mu iya sanin wata fasahar sadarwa.

A yau mun iya sanin yadda muke bude wayoyin hannu ko na’urori mu shiga yanar gizo, mu tura sakonni har ma mu kalli bidiyoyi ko mu tura su zuwa wata nahiyar. Amma shin ka taba tambayar kanka tayaya duniya ta kawo haka? Ko kuwa ta tambayi tarihin yadda abubuwan suka wakana?

A yau za ka iya bude wayarka ko na’ura kayi hira da mutum kana ganinshi, shi ma yana ganinka. Haka nan ka shiga yanar gizo ka tura masa sakonni kala-kala, kamar kayayyakin sadarwa masu nauyi da dai makamantansu.

Duk wadannan abubuwan sun faru ne sakamakon samun cigaba a bangaren fasahohin sadarwa. Yau muna amfani da fasahar sadarwan 3G da 4G, amma tayaya muka kawo wannan lokacin? Shin menene ya faru a baya?

Na farko: 1G
Fasahar sadarwa ta farko 1G, da ake yi wa lakabi da ginuwa na farko ta fara bayyana a duniya a kasar Japan a shekarar 1979. Ta taimakawa wayoyi a lokacin don isar da sakonnin murya na alama kawai. Kasancewarsa na farko ba shi da sauri don ba ya wuce 2kbps. An yi amfani da shi daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1990.

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Na biyu: 2G
Cigaban da aka samu na gaba shine kaddamar da 2G da aka yi a kasar Finland a shekarar 1991. 2G ya fi 1G sauri, da yanayin ba da tazara wajen amfani da shi, sannan babban banbancinshi da 1G shine za a iya tura sakonnin karantawa.

2G ya samu karbuwa sosai a fadin duniya saboda yadda ya fi na bayanshi komai, kamar sauri yana da 64kbps; wato ya ninka 1G sau 62. An yi amfani da shi a fadin duniya daga shekarar 1991 zuwa 2000, amma har yanzu (2020) wasu suna amfani da shi a fadin duniya.

Na uku: 3G
Bayyanar 3G ya sa yanayin tsarin tafiyar da fasaha ya canja a duniya, domin ya zo da salo kala-kala. Yana da saurin da ya kai 144kbps har zuwa 2mbps, wato ya ninka 2G a sauri sau kusan 30. Shine ya bai wa manyan wayoyin zamani kamar su Android, iPhone da Samsung damar shiga yanar gizo kai tsaye da kuma tura sakonni, kallon bidiyoyi, tura bidiyoyi da sauran manyan abubuwan da mutum zai iya na sadarwa. An kaddamar da fasahar sadarwan 3G a 2001, a inda ya fara aiki a kasashen nahiyar Turai, Japan da China,

Na hudu: 4G
Duk da irin saurin da 3G yake da shi, amma duba da yadda kayayyakin sadarwa suke kara nauyi ya sa fasahar 4G kasantuwa a duniya. Na biyu, yawaitar manyan wayoyin hannu da kuma irin karfin fasahar sadarwan da suke bukata don gudanar da aiki yadda ya kamata. A shekarar 2010 4G ya shigo duniya. Yana da saurin da ya kai 100mbps.

Na biyar: 5G
Wannan fasahar sadarwan har yanzu duniya ba ta gama mallakarta ba, wato duk da ta kasance a wasu kasashe kadan, amma yanayin aiki da tsadarta yasa wasu suka kasa mallakarta. Babban dalilin kasantuwar fasahar sadarwan 5G shi ne don taimakawa fasahar Internet of Things, fasahar Artificial Intelligence, fasahar Driverless Vehicles, fasahohin Virtual Reality (VR)/Augmented Reality (AR) da fasahar Robotics.

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Wannan ya nuna asalin kudiri ko aikin fasahar sadarwa ta 5G ba an yi ta ba ne don wayoyin hannu ko na’urorin tafi-da-gidanka, an yi ta ne don wadannan fasahohi da suke shirin canja duniya.
Kasashen South Korea da China sune kan gaba wajen gina wannan fasahar, inda suka fara amfani da ita tun a karshen shekarar 2019. Fasahar sadarwan 5G yana da saurin da ya kai 35.46 Gbps, wato ya fi 4G sau sama da 30. An kiyasce cewa wannan fasaha za ta yi aiki ne daga shekarar 2020 zuwa 2030.

Na shida: 6G
Duk da duniya ba ta gama mallakar fasahar sadarwan 5G ba, amma wani abun da ya ba wa duniya mamaki shine yunkurin kasar China don gina 6G. Wannan ya nuna cewa kasar China tana son matso da nesa zuwa kusa, don duk wani hasashe na kasantuwar fasahar sadarwan 6G ta tafi ne kan cewa za ta kasantu a shekarun 2030 zuwa 2045; dai-dai da hasashen kasantuwar lokacin Technological Singularity.

Shin yaya duniya za ta kasance bayan mallakar fasahar sadarwan 6G? Shin hakan ba zai kasance barazana ga rayuwar Dan Adam ba?

Wasu Kalmomi
Ziri – waves
Alama – signal
Mbps – megabyte per second
Gbps – gigabyte per second

—Mohiddeen Ahmad
2020

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